All bases covered

Capt Wardrobe - March 2021

Mr Gates wants to Dim the sun

Bill Gates supports research into creating fine particulates to reflect sunlight

Geoengineering refers generally to technologies capable of changing the Earth's physical qualities on the most colossal scales possible. For example, cloud seeding involves planes dumping particulate matter to make them transform into rain. There's also carbon capture, which gathers and stores emissions below the Earth's surface. But blocking the sunlight has to be the most extreme version yet to see serious scientific consideration.

Recently, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) released a report pushing for the U.S. government to spend at least $100 million in the pursuit of deeper studies of geoengineering. There are multiple approaches to ways of blocking sunlight from hitting the surface or atmosphere of Earth” signified under the umbrella term "solar geoengineering." The most common method involves reflecting sunlight away from the planet via aerosol particles in the atmosphere, but this was a fringe idea until very recently. Interesting Engineering

Planned Harvard balloon test in Sweden stirs solar geoengineering unease

By Alister Doyle, Thomson Reuters Foundation - December 18, 2020

OSLO, Dec 18 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Harvard University scientists plan to fly a test balloon above Sweden next year to help advance research into dimming sunlight to cool the Earth, alarming environmentalists opposed to solar geoengineering.

Open-air research into spraying tiny, sun-reflecting particles into the stratosphere, to offset global warming, has been stalled for years by controversies - including that it could discourage needed cuts in greenhouse gas emissions.

In a small step, the Swedish Space Corporation agreed this week to help Harvard researchers launch a balloon near the Arctic town of Kiruna next June. It would carry a gondola with 600 kg of scientific equipment 20 km (12 miles) high.

"There are very many real concerns" about the risks of climate change and solar geoengineering, said David Keith, who is involved in the project and is a professor of applied physics at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

"Understanding them requires a range of activities including experiments," said Keith, who is also a professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School.

The unmanned flight had originally been planned for the United States but was moved, partly because of U.S. restrictions caused by coronavirus.

The flight, which requires approval from a Harvard project advisory committee, will test how to manoeuvre the balloon and check communications equipment and other systems. It would not release any particles into the stratosphere.

Still, if successful, it could be a step towards an experiment, perhaps in the autumn of 2021 or spring of 2022, to release a tiny amount – up to 2 kg - of non-toxic calcium carbonate dust into the atmosphere, Keith said.

Studying that material's effects on high-altitude sunlight could help advance understand of how solar geoengineering might work.

A SLIPPERY SLOPE?

But opponents see the Swedish balloon as a step on a slippery slope towards engineering the climate with an artificial sunshade - something with potentially large and hard-to-predict risks, such as shifts in global rain patterns.

"There is no merit in this test except to enable the next step. You can't test the trigger of a bomb and say ‘This can't possibly do any harm'," said Nicklas Hällström, director of the Swedish green think-tank WhatNext?

"Swedish society is increasingly calling for real, immediate solutions to climate change," he said - such as a rapid transformation away from fossil fuels and toward a zero-carbon society.

He said the Harvard project "represents the polar opposite", as it could create the impression that continuing use of fossil fuels is possible.

Lili Fuhr, head of the international environmental policy division at the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Germany, also said the plan was "crossing an important political red line."

"They don't want to stop at this small experiment. The reason is to get bigger experiments," she said.

She and Hällström said the plan would violate a global 2010 moratorium on geoengineering under the U.N. Convention on Biodiversity.

That non-binding moratorium, however, allows exemptions for small-scale scientific research studies.

Officials of the Harvard project, the Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx), said they did not believe it needed any special approval from Sweden for the flight.

SCoPEx said about 300 similar stratospheric balloons were launched worldwide in 2019. Backers of SCoPEx include Microsoft founder Bill Gates.

Anni Bolenius, spokeswoman for the Swedish Space Corporation, also said "We comply with all applicable international and national legislations."

Janos Pasztor, executive director of the Carnegie Climate Governance Initiative, praised the openness of the Harvard step-by-step approach.

"Let's not exaggerate and over-react on the critical negative side," he urged, saying the Swedish test could help society debate and understand the urgency of addressing climate change.

The Carnegie project says it is impartial about the potential use of climate-altering technologies but wants to ensure robust governance. Proponents of solar geoengineering, also known as solar radiation modification, say deployment of the technology could be a shortcut to slow a rise in global temperatures that is stoking more heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and rising sea levels as billions of tonnes of greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere.

But opponents fear that it could undermine commitments to act under the 2015 Paris climate agreement and could have unwanted side-effects.

It would also, for instance, do nothing to slow a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that is turning the world's oceans increasingly acidic.

Keith said that it made sense to study solar geoengineering.

"There is a long history of people doing research on things that were socially unpopular at the time that we now see as important," he said, such as birth control.

reuters

Mr Gates "sells" the Pandemic

and he "sells" coming disasters!

Endless Pandeminc

Mar 25 2021, [excerpts]

"For the past year, an assumption " sometimes explicit, often tacit " has informed almost all our thinking about the pandemic: At some point, it will be over, and then we™ll go œback to normal. This premise is almost certainly wrong. SARS-CoV-2, protean and elusive as it is, may become our permanent enemy, like the flu but worse."

"SARS-CoV-2, protean and elusive as it is, may become our permanent enemy, like the flu but worse. And even if it peters out eventually, our lives and routines will by then have changed irreversibly...

"In the case of SARS-CoV-2, however, recent developments suggest that we may never achieve herd immunity. Even the U.S., which leads most other countries in vaccinations and already had large outbreaks, won't get there. That's the upshot of an analysis by Christopher Murray at the University of Washington and Peter Piot at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine." Bloomberg

Does The Perma-Pandemic need

constant lower temperatures?

Seasonal temperature variation may impact the trajectories of COVID-19 in different global regions. Cumulative data reported by the World Health Organization, for dates up to March 27, 2021, show association between COVID-19 incidence and regions at or above 30° latitude. Historic climate data also show significant reduction of case rates with mean maximum temperature above approximately 22.5 degrees Celsius. Variance at the local level, however, could not be well explained by geography and temperature. These preliminary findings support continued countermeasures and study of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 transmission rates by temperature and humidity.

MedRxIv

June 2020 - not enough data to determine if Covid is affected by Summer.

Explainer: Summer might slow coronavirus but is unlikely to stop it

By Kate Kelland, Manas Mishra, Christine Soares (Reuters) - The arrival of warmer weather in the Northern Hemisphere raises the question of whether summer could slow the spread of the coronavirus outbreak. Here is what science says.

While warmer weather typically ends the annual flu season in temperate zones, climate alone has not stopped the COVID-19 pandemic from sweeping any part of the globe. In fact, outbreaks in hot and sunny Brazil and Egypt are growing.

Still, recent data about how sunlight, humidity and outdoor breezes affect the virus gives some reason for optimism that summer could slow the spread.

IS THE NEW CORONAVIRUS ‘SEASONAL'?

The virus has not been around long enough to be certain.

Respiratory infections like flu and the common cold follow seasonal patterns in temperate regions. Environmental conditions including cold weather, low indoor humidity, and spending more time indoors can all hasten the spread of an epidemic.

Real-world evidence about the effect of weather on the new virus is mixed. One study of 221 Chinese cities found that temperature, humidity and daylight did not affect speed of spread.

Two other studies did find an effect, including a look at new infections in 47 countries that linked higher temperatures to slower transmission in places like the Philippines, Australia and Brazil.

"The Northern hemisphere may see a decline in new COVID-19 cases during summer and a resurgence during winter," concluded the authors of another study of 117 countries, which found that each 1-degree of latitude increase in distance from the Equator was associated with a 2.6% increase in cases.

The head of the World Health Organization's emergencies programme, Mike Ryan, cautioned: "We cannot rely on an expectation that the season or the temperature will be the answer to (the disease's spread)."

WHY DO RESPIRATORY DISEASES SPREAD DIFFERENTLY IN SUMMER AND WINTER?

"The reason why cold weather is presumed to cause spreading of coughs, colds and flu is that cold air causes irritation in the nasal passages and airways, which makes us more susceptible to viral infection," said Simon Clarke, an expert in cellular microbiology at Britain's University of Reading.

Winter weather tends to inspire people to spend more time indoors, although air conditioning may also bring people back inside in the summer.

In the lab, when temperatures and humidity rise, coronavirus particles on surfaces more quickly lose their ability to infect people - and they are inactivated especially fast when exposed to sunlight, U.S. government researchers found.

It is still a good idea for people to wash hands frequently, practice social distancing and wear a mask in summer, experts say. While virus particles coughed or exhaled by an infected person will disperse faster outdoors, one study found a gentle breeze could carry saliva droplets up to 6 m (19.69 feet).

WHAT ELSE ABOUT SUMMER COULD SLOW THE VIRUS?

Vitamin D: Researchers are investigating whether levels of immunity-regulating vitamin D in people's blood affect how vulnerable they are to infection with the new coronavirus or how sick they become. The majority of vitamin D in the body comes from skin exposure to sunlight.

Pollen: A study in the Netherlands of all "flu-like" illness, including COVID-19, in recent years concludes that pollen concentrations are a better predictor than sunlight of respiratory disease trends. Clouds of pollen act as air filters, snagging virus particles, and pollen activates immune responses, even in people without overt allergies.

The study found that flu-like illness started to drop when pollen in the air reached 610 grains per cubic metre, a typical level from early spring to October in most middle latitudes.

Reuters

2020 into 2021 - Does anyone Know?

Can Summer reduce Covid Cases? [August 2020]

This study found that the majorities of the countries having higher COVID-19 cases are located in the higher latitude (colder region) in the globe. As of 20th April data available, statistical analyses by various methods have found that strong negative correlations with statistical significance exist between MAET and several COVID-19 cases including total cases, active cases, and cases per million of a country (Spearman correlation coefficients were -0.45, -0.42, and -0.50 for total cases, active cases, and cases/per million, respectively). Analysis by the statistical log-linear regression model further supports that the chance of patients to contract COVID-19 is less in warmer countries than in colder countries. Conclusion

This pilot study proposes that cold environment may be an additional risk factor for COVID-19 cases.

Science Direct

Feb 2021 - no one knows?

Some strains of the virus can change depending on the environment. They may survive and thrive in various geographic regions or climates. There is no way to accurately predict how the virus responds in heat and humidity, or for that matter, cool and dry temperatures, outside laboratory experiments..

Even when scientists study real-world examples, the evidence is unclear. Though some viral illnesses seem to slow in the summer months, this isn't always the case. In countries such as Australia and Iran, COVID-19 spread very quickly at the beginning of the pandemic despite warm and humid weather. Remember that flu season is typically during the winter.

Web Md

nothing to see here...move along

The Cartel wants you in slavery to it, for perpetuity...

With everything cooler...

The Energy Cartel will Profit

Oil & Gas, pipelines

profit margins increase

You'll need to keep warm

and just above Bills chalky skies sits another front for the cartel

Musks Starlink

EU's Galilieo

US led [Wasp] Milsat Constellations

That extra Aluminium / Barium
in the shadowed Heavens
will boost the signal

of the "control grid" [TM]

Sounds ever so "green" doesn't it?

Everybody's happy

Big Pharma

Surveillance tech

Big energy

Military industrial complex

It's anti-blue sky thinking